Gender Differences in the Influence of Family Background on Internet Addiction and Environmental Behaviour: Does Islamic Elementary School Matter?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32729/edukasi.v23i3.2204Keywords:
Pro-enviromental behaviour, Internet addiction, family backgroundAbstract
Pro-environmental behaviour is a critical global issue across all sectors, including education. This study examines how family socioeconomic background influences internet addiction and pro-environmental behaviour among elementary school students, investigates the effects of school type and grade level, and explores gender as a moderating variable in these relationships. Using a quantitative approach with Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), data were collected from 210 parents (150 females, 60 males) through convenience sampling. The findings reveal that family economic status and family structure significantly and positively influence children's internet addiction, with students from affluent and two-parent families being more prone to smartphone or internet overuse. Internet addiction, in turn, has a significant negative impact on students’ pro-environmental behaviour. The effect of maternal education on pro-environmental behaviour is more pronounced among male students, whereas family economic status has a stronger influence on female students.. Islamic education was found to have no significant effect on either internet addiction or pro-environmental behaviour. This study contributes to the theoretical discourse in Islamic education and offers practical implications for curriculum and instructional development within Islamic educational settings.
ABSTRAK
Perilaku pro-lingkungan merupakan isu global yang penting di berbagai sektor, termasuk pendidikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh latar belakang sosial ekonomi keluarga terhadap kecanduan internet dan perilaku pro-lingkungan pada siswa sekolah dasar, meneliti pengaruh jenis sekolah dan tingkat kelas, serta mengeksplorasi peran moderasi gender dalam hubungan-hubungan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Data diperoleh dari 210 orang tua siswa (150 perempuan, 60 laki-laki) melalui teknik convenience sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa status ekonomi dan struktur keluarga secara signifikan dan positif memengaruhi kecanduan internet pada anak. Siswa dari keluarga mampu dan keluarga dengan dua orang tua cenderung lebih rentan terhadap kecanduan smartphone atau internet. Kecanduan internet secara signifikan berdampak negatif terhadap perilaku pro-lingkungan siswa. Perilaku pro-lingkungan siswa perempuan lebih dipengaruhi oleh status ekonomi keluarga dan sedangkan pengaruh pendidikan ibu lebih besar pada siswa laki-laki. Pendidikan Islam tidak ditemukan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kecanduan internet maupun perilaku pro-lingkungan. Temuan ini memberikan kontribusi teoretis bagi literatur pendidikan Islam dan menawarkan implikasi praktis bagi pengembangan kurikulum dan pembelajaran di lingkungan pendidikan Islam.
Downloads
References
Aditama, A. Y. (2024). Implementation of Character Building Policy: A Case Study at Junior High Schools in Lebak Regency. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 9.
Agustina, L., & Tago, M. Z. (2024). Implementation of Sky Parenting in Educating Children to Increase Interest in Reading: A Case Study of A Muslim Family in Balai Baru Kuranji Padang West Sumatra. QALAMUNA: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial, Dan Agama, 16(2), 771–784. https://doi.org/10.37680/qalamuna.v16i2.5058
Akhir, N. M., Lun, A. W., Yeang, C. M., Rahman, N. A., & Halim, L. (2022). Establishing the value-psychological-educational dimensions for “learning to action” model for pro-environmental behaviour. Cogent Education. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/2331186X.2022.2156748
Atin, S., & Maemonah, M. (2022). Internalisasi Nilai-Nilai Karakter Religius Melalui Pembelajaran Akidah Akhlak Di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah. EDUKASI: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama dan Keagamaan, 20(3), 323–337. https://doi.org/10.32729/edukasi.v20i3.1302
Bamrara, A., & Bamrara, P. (2024). Environment Education Through Experiential Learning: A Case of Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand. In C. L. Goi (Ed.), Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability (pp. 129–141). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-9859-0.ch007
Baran, M., & Sypniewska, B. (2024). Determinants of pro-environmental innovative behaviour: A comparison of three generations. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 9(4), 100613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100613
Batubara, H. H., Sarasati, R., Risfianti, A., & Rahmawati, S. D. (2024). Parents’ Perceptions and Actions on Digital Safety of Elementary School Students. Al Ibtida: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru MI, 11(2), 214. https://doi.org/10.24235/al.ibtida.snj.v11i2.18796
Chu, M., Fang, Z., Mao, L., Ma, H., Lee, C.-Y., & Chiang, Y.-C. (2024). Creating A child-friendly social environment for fewer conduct problems and more prosocial behaviors among children: A LASSO regression approach. Acta Psychologica, 244, 104200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104200
Coelho, F., Cruz, L., Pereira, M. C., Simões, P., & Barata, E. (2023). How regulatory focus shapes pro-environmental behaviour: Evidence from Portugal. Journal of Marketing Management. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0267257X.2022.2092195
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Denkova, J. (2011). Enviromental education in Macedonian literature for children and juvenils as a way of humanization of children’s personality. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3158–3162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.264
Derevensky, J. L., Hayman, V., & Lynette Gilbeau. (2019). Behavioral Addictions. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 66(6), 1163–1182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2019.08.008
Evans, G. W., Brauchle, G., Haq, A., Stecker, R., Wong, K., & Shapiro, E. (2007). Young Children’s Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors. Environment and Behavior, 39(5), 635–658. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916506294252
Fernández-Martínez, E., Sutil-Rodríguez, E., & Liébana-Presa, C. (2023). Internet Addiction and Emotional Intelligence in university nursing students: A cross-sectional study. Heliyon, 9(9), e19482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19482
Firmansyah, Mokh. I., Surahman, C., Lestari, W., Septiani, S., & Sudaryat, M. R. (2023). Pendidikan Agama Islam dan Pembangunan Karakter Siswa Sekolah Dasar: Studi Eksplorasi. EDUKASI: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama dan Keagamaan, 21(1), 46–58. https://doi.org/10.32729/edukasi.v21i1.1378
Fitriyah, A., Haryanti, N. D., Fadhilla, I., & Utama, V. R. (2024). Gender Dynamics and Digital Literacy in Pesantren Creative Writing. EDUKASI: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama Dan Keagamaan, 22(2), 207–220. https://doi.org/10.32729/edukasi.v22i2.1747
Flörchinger, D., Frondel, M., Sommer, S., & Andor, M. A. (2025). Pro-environmental behavior and environmentalist movements: Evidence from the identification with Fridays for Future. Ecological Economics, 235, 108609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2025.108609
Gatersleben, B., Murtagh ,Niamh, & and Abrahamse, W. (2014). Values, identity and pro-environmental behaviour. Contemporary Social Science, 9(4), 374–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2012.682086
Guenther, P., Guenther, M., Ringle, C. M., Zaefarian, G., & Cartwright, S. (2023). Improving PLS-SEM use for business marketing research. Industrial Marketing Management, 111, 127–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.03.010
Guo, Y., Chen, H., You, X., Liu, X., Sun, X., & Jin, Y. (2024). Relationship between parenting style and internet addiction: Interpersonal relationship problem as a mediator and gender as a moderator. Heliyon, 10(2), e23973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e23973
Hair, J., & Alamer, A. (2022). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in second language and education research: Guidelines using an applied example. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 1(3), 100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100027
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R: A Workbook. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. In R. R. Sinkovics & P. N. Ghauri (Eds.), Advances in International Marketing (Vol. 20, pp. 277–319). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014
Hus, V. (2010). The curriculum for the subject enviromental studies in the primary school in Slovenia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 5084–5088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.825
I. Erhabora, N., & U. Don, J. (2018). Impact of Environmental Education On the Knowledge and Attitude of Students Towards the Environment. Tạp Chí Nghiên Cứu Dân Tộc, 24. https://doi.org/10.25073/0866-773X/68
Islam, M. R., Hasan Apu, M. M., Akter, R., Tultul, P. S., Anjum, R., Nahar, Z., Shahriar, M., & Bhuiyan, M. A. (2023). Internet addiction and loneliness among school-going adolescents in Bangladesh in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from a cross-sectional study. Heliyon, 9(2), e13340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13340
Kay, M. A., & Sağlam, M. (2025). As predictives of digital game addiction in early childhood; digital parenting, family relations and social competence. Annales Médico-Psychologiques, Revue Psychiatrique, 183(4), 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2024.11.003
Khodijah, A., Nani, I., & Rahmat, M. (2024). Religious Education as a Tool for Mental Health Improvement in Madrasah Aliyah. EDUKASI: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama Dan Keagamaan, 22(2), 311–323. https://doi.org/10.32729/edukasi.v22i2.1895
Kholis, N., Indriharta, L., Sholeh, M., & Cardoso, L. M. O. D. B. (2024). Understanding Adiwiyata School Artifacts in Cultivating Students’ Characters At Madrasah Ibtidaiyah. EDUKASI: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama Dan Keagamaan, 22(1), 19–38. https://doi.org/10.32729/edukasi.v22i1.1694
Kılıç, S., Orhan Kılıç, B., Gül Ateş, E., Çullas Ilarslan, N. E., Konuksever, D., & Ulukol, B. (2024). Exploring the Depths of Sharenting: Unveiling the Impact of Sociodemographic Factors and Internet Addiction. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 38(5), 643–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2024.05.011
Kollmuss, A., & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the Gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Environmental Education Research, 8(3), 239–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620220145401
Kong, F., Wei, W., Xia, Y., Xie, D., Xue, K., Wang, W., & Potenza, M. N. (2025). Mediating roles of psychological entitlement and presence of meaning in the associations between parental measures (rejection and overprotection) and adolescent internet addiction. Journal of Affective Disorders, S0165032725007062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.04.131
Kurniawan, D., Firdaus, S., Nafia, I., & Gumiandari, S. (2024). Strengthening Students’ Islamic Character Education through Ecopedagogic-Based Learning; Case Study at Darul Huffadz Primary School. Al Ibtida: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru MI, 11(1), 187. https://doi.org/10.24235/al.ibtida.snj.v11i1.18881
Lee, S., Kim, S., Suh, S., Han, H., Jung, J., Yang, S., & Shin, Y. (2022). Relationship between screen time among children and lower economic status during elementary school closures due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 160. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12559-5
Leppänen, J. M., Haahla, A. E., Lensu, A. M., & Kuitunen, M. T. (2012). Parent-Child Similarity in Environmental Attitudes: A Pairwise Comparison. The Journal of Environmental Education, 43(3), 162–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2011.634449
Li, J., Philip McArthur, D., Hong, J., & Livingston, M. (2024). Influence of maternal past non-transport pro-environmental behaviours on young adults’ sustainable transport. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 131, 104231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2024.104231
Li, S., Jin, X., Song, L., Fan, T., Shen, Y., & Zhou, J. (2025). The Association Between Internet Addiction and the Risk of Suicide Attempts in Chinese Adolescents Aged 11-17 Years: Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 27, e52083. https://doi.org/10.2196/52083
Lim, Y. (2024). When you are not alone: School composition by family structure and students’ academic achievements in South Korea. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 35(1), 26–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2024.2311930
Lin, Y.-H., Pan, Y.-C., Lin, S.-H., & Chen, S.-H. (2017). Development of short-form and screening cutoff point of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI-SF). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 26(2), e1525. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1525
Liu, J., & Green, R. J. (2024). Children’s pro-environmental behaviour: A systematic review of the literature. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 205, 107524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107524
Liu, Y. (2024). The mediating role of inhibitory control and the moderating role of family support between anxiety and Internet addiction in Chinese adolescents.
Livia, R., Rakimahwati, R., Yaswinda, Y., & Nurhafizah, N. (2024). The Effect of Gender and Zigzag Run Game on Children’s Gross Motor Development in Kuncup Mekar Kindergarten Alahan Panjang. QALAMUNA: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial, Dan Agama, 16(2), 919–936. https://doi.org/10.37680/qalamuna.v16i2.5200
Mahmud, S. N. D., & Osman, K. (2010). The determinants of recycling intention behavior among the Malaysian school students: An application of theory of planned behaviour. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.123
Malak, M. Z., Khalifeh, A. H., & Shuhaiber, A. H. (2017). Prevalence of Internet Addiction and associated risk factors in Jordanian school students. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.011
Marrese, T., Greenspan, I., Katz-Gerro, T., & Handy, F. (2024). Intergenerational transmission of pro-environmental behaviors: Do grandparents’ environmental behaviors influence grandchildren? Sociological Spectrum, 44(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2023.2274021
Masuda, K., & Yudhistira, M. H. (2020). Does education secularize the Islamic population? The effect of years of schooling on religiosity, voting, and pluralism in Indonesia. World Development, 130, 104915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104915
Matsunaga, M., Ohtsubo, Y., Ishii, K., Tsuboi, H., Suzuki, K., & Takagishi, H. (2023). Association between internet addiction, brain structure, and social capital in adolescents. Social Neuroscience, 18(6), 355–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2023.2264543
Miao, S., Xu, L., Gao, S., Bai, C., Huang, Y., & Peng, B. (2024). Internet addiction and suicidal ideation in Chinese children with migrant parents: Mediating role of anxiety and moderating role of social support. Acta Psychologica, 248, 104427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104427
Mukti, T. D., & L.F.X, E. W. (2025). Guided Inquiry with socio-scientific issues approach in Improving Student Chemical Literacy Skills. JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia), 14(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpiundiksha.v14i1.84489
Noptario, Sulfiani, S., Mohammad Yusuf Randy, Alia Latifah, Syamela Massa Kaulika, & Zakaria, A. R. (2024). Comparing Religious Moderation Strategies: P5 vs. P5-PPRA in Elementary Schools. EDUKASI: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama Dan Keagamaan, 22(2), 281–293. https://doi.org/10.32729/edukasi.v22i2.1916
Nur Rahmawati, A. I. (2018). Internet Addiction pada Remaja Pelaku Substance Abuse: Penyebab atau Akibat? Buletin Psikologi, 26(1), 64–70. https://doi.org/10.22146/buletinpsikologi.31164
Nurdyansyah, F., Muflihati, I., Muliani Dwi Ujianti, R., Novita, M., Kusumo, H., . M., & Charles Ryan, J. (2022). Indonesian Character Building Strategy: Planning the Pancasila Student Profile Strengthening Project in Kurikulum Merdeka. KnE Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i19.12456
Özer, D., Şahin Altun, Ö., & Avşar, G. (2023). Investigation of the relationship between internet addiction, communication skills and difficulties in emotion regulation in nursing students. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 42, 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2022.12.004
Parth, A.-M. (2024). The relationship between work-family policies and pro-environmental behaviour of single mothers as economically disadvantaged group. Environmental Sociology, 10(3), 333–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2024.2353754
Pazarcikci, F. (2024). Risk factors for technology addiction in young children ages 2–5 years. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 78, e141–e147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2024.06.029
Pratiwi, H., Dwiningrum, S. I. A., Riwanda, A., & Minasyan, S. (2024). Insights into Multicultural Competence of Early Childhood Teacher Candidates in Indonesian Islamic Higher Education. EDUKASI: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama Dan Keagamaan, 22(1), 79–96. https://doi.org/10.32729/edukasi.v22i1.1813
Puspitasari, H. T., & Hakim, S. N. (2022). Hubungan Kecanduan Internet Terhadap Relasi Sosial Anak Dengan Orang Tua. The 16th University Research Colloqium, 16, 156–163. https://repository.urecol.org/index.php/proceeding/article/view/2216
Rachman, A., Putro, H. Y. S., Rusandi, M. A., & Situmorang, D. D. B. (2024). The development and validation of the “Kuesioner Tema Proyek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila” (KT P5): A new tool for strengthening the Pancasila Student Profile in Indonesian pioneer schools. Heliyon, 10(16), e35912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35912
Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Sinkovics, N., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2023). A perspective on using partial least squares structural equation modelling in data articles. Data in Brief, 48, 109074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2023.109074
Salazar, C., Jaime, M., Leiva, M., & González, N. (2024). Environmental education and children’s pro-environmental behavior on plastic waste. Evidence from the green school certification program in Chile. International Journal of Educational Development, 109, 103106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2024.103106
Sari, N. M., Yaniawati, P., Supianti, I. I., & Indriani, R. (2025). Digital Game-Based Learning Interventions on Students’ Numeracy Skills and Engagement. Formatif: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan MIPA, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.30998/formatif.v15i1.23356
Shen, X., Zhou, X., Liao, H.-P., McDonnell, D., & Wang, J.-L. (2024). Uncovering the symptom relationship between anxiety, depression, and internet addiction among left-behind children: A large-scale purposive sampling network analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 171, 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.01.025
Siregar, V. V., Rajab, Hermansyah, Eva Ardinal, Rully Hidayatullah, & Nurkhaerat Alimudin. (2024). Analyzing the Influence of Digital Literacy and Pedagogical Knowledge on TPACK in Elementary School Teachers. Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar, 8(3), 476–486. https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v8i3.53414
Stratton, S. J. (2021). Population Research: Convenience Sampling Strategies. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 36(4), 373–374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X21000649
Theopilus, Y., Al Mahmud, A., Davis, H., & Octavia, J. R. (2024). Preventive Interventions for Internet Addiction in Young Children: Systematic Review. JMIR Mental Health, 11, e56896. https://doi.org/10.2196/56896
Wang, S., Tan, Y., Yu, M., Wang, H., Wang, T., Feng, S., Liu, K., & Xiang, B. (2025). Association of Internet Addiction Disorder with self-injurious behavior: A meta-analysis. Addiction Research & Theory, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2025.2463408
Yang, X., Zhu, L., Chen, Q., Song, P., & Wang, Z. (2016). Parent marital conflict and Internet addiction among Chinese college students: The mediating role of father-child, mother-child, and peer attachment. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.01.041
Yarkandi, A. H. (2012). Strengthening Environmental Education in School Curricula. Journal of Education and Vocational Research, 3(8), 264–270. https://doi.org/10.22610/jevr.v3i8.77
Yilmaz Kurt, F., Öner, B., & Bulut, A. (2025). Digital addiction: Are children in danger? Are parents aware? Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 80, 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2024.11.018
Yorulmaz, M., Göde, A., Aydoğdu, A., & Dilekçi, R. (2025). Investigation of the effect of internet addiction on cyberchondria. Psychology, Health & Medicine. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13548506.2025.2458794
Zehl, R., Thiel, A., & Nagel, S. (2023). Children’s sport opportunities and parental support in single-parent families with a lower socio-economic status. An ecological perspective. European Journal for Sport and Society, 20(2), 179–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2022.2121248
Zemo, K. H., & Nigus, H. Y. (2021). Does religion promote pro-environmental behaviour? A cross-country investigation. Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21606544.2020.1796820
Zhang, W., Pu, J., He, R., Yu, M., Xu, L., He, X., Chen, Z., Gan, Z., Liu, K., Tan, Y., & Xiang, B. (2022). Demographic characteristics, family environment and psychosocial factors affecting internet addiction in Chinese adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 315, 130–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.053
Zulfi, N. A. W., Ifdil, I., Ardi, Z., & Handayani, P. G. (n.d.). Analisis Social Media Fatigue Pada Mahasiswa Berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin dan Usia. Jurnal Konseling dan Pendidikan, 13(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.29210/1139000
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Syarifah Salmah, Nur Inayah Syar, Rahmad, Ahmad Juhaidi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
